Read this article to learn about the Khilafat and non-cooperation movement in India against British!

NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT: NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT Non co operation was launched under Gandhiji’s leadership in 1920. It aimed at protesting against the injustices done to Punjab and Turkey and to attain Swaraj. Educated middle class led the movement in towns and cities. Educational institutions, Law courts and foreign goods were boycotted. So, the leaders of Khilafat Movement, that is, the Ali brothers joined hands with INC (Indian National Congress) for the Non-Cooperation Movement which was going to start. Khilafat Day was observed the second time on the 19 th of March, 1920.

During 1919-22, the British were opposed through two mass movements—the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation. Though the two movements emerged from separate issues, they adopted a common programme of action—that of non-violent non- cooperation.

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The Khilafat issue was not directly linked to Indian politics but it provided the immediate background to the movement and gave an added advantage of cementing Hindu-Muslim unity against the British.

Background:

The background to the two movements was provided by a series of events after the First World War which belied all hopes of the Government’s generosity towards the Indian subjects.

The year 1919, in particular, saw a strong feeling of discontent among all sections of Indians for various reasons:

1. The economic situation of the country in the post-War years had become alarming with a rise in prices of commodities, decrease in production of Indian industries, increase in burden of taxes and rents etc. Almost all sections of society suffered economic hardship due to the war and this strengthened the anti-British attitude.

2. The Rowlatt Act, the imposition of martial law in Punjab and the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre exposed the brutal and uncivilised face of the foreign rule.

3. The Hunter Commission on the Punjab atrocities proved to be eyewash. In fact, the House of Lords (of the British Parliament) endorsed General Dyer’s action and the British public showed solidarity with General Dyer by helping The Morning Post collect 30,000 pounds for him.

4. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms with their ill- conceived scheme of Dyarchy failed to satisfy the rising demand of the Indians for self-government.

The post-First World War period also saw the preparation of the ground for common political action by Hindus and Muslims:

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(i) the Lucknow Pact (1916) had stimulated Congress- Muslim League cooperation;

(ii) the Rowlatt Act agitation brought Hindus and Muslims, and also other sections of the society, together; and (iii) radical nationalist Muslims like Mohammad Ali, Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Hasan Imam had now become more influential than the conservative Aligarh school elements who had dominated the League earlier.

The younger elements advocated militant nationalism and active participation in the nationalist movement. They had strong anti-imperialist sentiments.

In this atmosphere emerged the Khilafat issue around which developed the historic Non-Cooperation Movement.

The Khilafat Issue:

The Khilafat issue paved the way for the consolidation of the emergence of a radical nationalist trend among the younger generation of Muslims and the section of traditional Muslim scholars who were becoming increasingly critical of the British rule. This time, they were angered by the treatment meted out to Turkey by the British after the First World War.

The Muslims in India, as the Muslims all over the world, regarded the sultan of Turkey as their spiritual leader, Khalifa, so naturally their sympathies were with Turkey. During the War, Turkey had allied with Germany and Austria against the British.

When the War ended, the British took a stern attitude towards Turkey— Turkey was dismembered and the Khalifa removed from power. This incensed Muslims all over the world.

In India, too, the Muslims demanded from the British (i) that the Khalifa’s control over Muslim sacred places should be retained, and (ii) the Khalifa should be left with sufficient territories after territorial arrangements.

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In early 1919, a Khilafat Committee was formed under the leadership of the Ali brothers (Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali), Maulana Azad, Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani, to force the British Government to change its attitude to Turkey. Thus, the grounds for a country-wide agitation were prepared.

Development of the Khalifat—Non-Cooperation Programme:

For some time, the Khilafat leaders limited their actions to meetings, petitions, deputations in favour of the Khilafat. Later, however, a militant trend emerged, demanding an active agitation such as stopping all cooperation with the British.

Thus, at the All India Khilafat Conference held in Delhi in November 1919, a call was made for boycott of British goods. The Khilafat leaders also clearly spelt out that unless peace terms after the War were favourable to Turkey they would stop all cooperation with the Government. Gandhi, who was the president of the All India Khilafat Committee, saw in the issue a platform from which mass and united non- cooperation could be declared against the Government.

Congress Stand on Khilafat Question:

It was quite clear that the support of the Congress was essential for the Khilafat movement to succeed. However, although Gandhi was in favour of launching Satyagraha and non-cooperation against the Government on the Khilafat issue, the Congress was not united on this form of political action.

Tilak was opposed to having an alliance with Muslim leaders over a religious issue and he was also sceptical of Satyagraha as an instrument of politics. According to Prof Ravinder Kumar, Gandhi made a concerted bid to convince Tilak of the virtues of Satyagraha and of the expediency of an alliance with the Muslim community over the Khilafat issue.

There was opposition to some of the other provisions of the Gandhi’s non-cooperation programme also, such as boycott of councils. Later, however, Gandhi was able to them get the approval of the Congress for his programme of political action and the Congress felt inclined to support a non-cooperation programme on the Khilafat question because—

i. It was felt that this was a golden opportunity to cement Hindu-Muslim unity and to bring Muslim masses into the national movement; now different sections of society—Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, peasants, artisans, capitalists, tribals, women, students—could come into the national movement by fighting for their own rights and realising that the colonial rule was opposed to them;

ii. The Congress was losing faith in constitutional struggle, especially after the Punjab incidents and the blatantly partisan Hunter Commission Report;

iii. The Congress was aware that the masses were eager to give expression to their discontent.

Muslim League Support to Congress:

The Muslim League also decided to give full support to the Congress and its agitation on political questions.

February 1920:

In early 1920, a joint Hindu-Muslim deputation was sent to the viceroy to seek redress of grievances on the issue of Khilafat, but the mission proved abortive.

In February 1920, Gandhi announced that the issues of the Punjab wrongs and constitutional advance had been over­shadowed by the Khilafat question and that he would soon lead a movement of non-cooperation if the terms of the peace treaty failed to satisfy the Indian Muslims.

May 1920:

The Treaty of Sevres with Turkey, signed in May 1920, completely dismembered Turkey.

June 1920:

An all-party conference at Allahabad approved a programme of boycott of schools, colleges and law courts, and asked Gandhi to lead it.

August 31, 1920:

The Khilafat Committee started a campaign of non-cooperation and the movement was formally launched. (Tilak had, incidentally, breathed his last on August 1, 1920.)

September 1920:

At a special session in Calcutta, the Congress approved a non-cooperation programme till the Punjab and Khilafat wrongs were removed and swaraj was established.

The programme was to include:

i. Boycott of government schools and colleges;

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ii. Boycott of law courts and dispensation of justice through Panchayats instead;

iii. Boycott of Legislative Councils; (there were some differences over this as some leaders like C.R. Das were not willing to include a boycott of councils, but bowed to Congress discipline; these leaders boycotted elections held in November 1920 and the majority of the voters too stayed away);

iv. Boycott of foreign cloth and use of khadi instead; also practice of hand-spinning to be done;

v. Renunciation of government honours and titles; the second phase could include mass civil disobedience including resignation from government service, and non-payment of taxes.

During the movement, the participants were supposed to work for Hindu-Muslim unity and for removal of untouchability, all the time remaining non-violent.

December 1920:

At the Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress:

(i) The programme of non-cooperation was endorsed;

(ii) An important change was made in Congress creed: now, instead of having the attainment of self-government through constitutional means as its goal, the Congress decided to have the attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means, thus committing itself to an extra- constitutional mass struggle;

(iii) Some important organisational changes were made: a Congress Working Committee (CWC) of 15 members was set up to lead the Congress from now onwards; Provincial Congress Committees on linguistic basis were organised; ward committees was organised; and entry fee was reduced to four annas

(iv) Gandhi declared that if the non-cooperation programme was implemented completely, swaraj would be ushered in within a year.

Many groups of revolutionary terrorists, especially those from Bengal, also pledged support to the Congress programme. At this stage, some leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, G.S. Kharpade and B.C. Pal left the Congress as they believed in a constitutional and lawful struggle while some others like Surendranath Banerjee founded the Indian National Liberal Federation and played a minor role in national politics henceforward.

The adoption by the Congress of the non-cooperation movement initiated earlier by the Khilafat Committee gave it a new energy, and the years 1921 and 1922 saw an unprece­dented popular upsurge.

Spread of the Movement:

Salt Satyagraha

Gandhi accompanied by the Ali brothers undertook a nationwide tour. About 90,000 students left government schools and colleges and joined around 800 national schools and colleges which cropped up during this time.

These educational institutions were organised under the leadership of Acharya Narendra Dev, C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat Rai, Zakir Hussain, Subhash Bose (who became the principal of National College at Calcutta) and included Jamia Millia at Aligarh, Kashi Vidyapeeth, Gujarat Vidyapeeth and Bihar Vidyapeeth.

Many lawyers gave up their practice, some of whom were Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Raja- gopalachari, Saifuddin Kitchlew, Vallabhbhai Patel, Asaf Ali, T. Prakasam and Rajendra Prasad. Heaps of foreign cloths were burnt publicly and their imports fell by half. Picketing of shops selling foreign liquor and of toddy shops was undertaken at many places. Tilak Swaraj Fund was oversubscribed and one crore rupees collected. Congress volunteer corps emerged as the parallel police.

In July 1921, the Ali brothers gave a call to the Muslims to resign from the Army as that was unreligious. The Ali brothers were arrested for this in September. Gandhi echoed their call and asked local Congress committees to pass similar resolutions to that effect.

Now, the Congress gave a call to local Congress bodies to start civil disobedience if it was thought that the people were ready for it. Already, a no-tax movement against union board taxes in Midnapore (Bengal) and in Guntur (Andhra) was going on.

In Assam, strikes in tea plantations, steamer services, Assam-Bengal Railways had been organised. J.M. Sengupta was a prominent leader in these strikes.

In November 1921, the visit of the Prince of Wales to India invited strikes and demonstrations.

The spirit of defiance and unrest gave rise to many local struggles such as Awadh Kisan Movement (UP), Eka Movement (UP), Mappila Revolt (Malabar) and the Sikh agitation for the removal of mahants in Punjab.

Government Response:

Talks between Gandhi and Reading, the viceroy, broke down in May 1921 as the Government wanted Gandhi to urge the Ali brothers to remove those portions from speeches which suggested violence. Gandhi realised that the Government was trying to drive a wedge between him and the Khilafat leaders and refused to fall into the trap.

In December, the Government came down heavily on the protestors. Volunteer corps were declared illegal, public meetings were banned, the press was gagged and most of the leaders barring Gandhi were arrested.

The Last Phase of the Movement:

Gandhi was now under increasing pressure from the Congress rank and file to start the civil disobedience programme and the Ahmedabad session in 1921 (presided over, incidentally, by C.R. Das while still in jail; Hakim Ajmal Khan was the acting president) appointed Gandhi the sole authority on the issue.

On February 1, 1922 Gandhi threatened to launch civil disobedience from Bardoli (Gujarat) if (1) political prisoners were not released, and (2) press controls were not removed. The movement had hardly begun before it was brought to an abrupt end.

Chauri Chanra Incident:

A small sleepy village named Chauri-Chaura (Gorakhpur district, UP) has found a place in history books due to an incident of violence on February 5, 1922 which was to prompt Gandhi to withdraw the movement.

The police here had beaten up the leader of a group of volunteers campaigning against liquor sales and high food prices, and then opened fire on the crowd which had come to protest before the police station.

The agitated crowd torched the police station with policemen inside who had taken shelter there; those who tried to flee were hacked to death and thrown back into the fire. Twenty-two policemen were killed in the violence. Gandhi, not happy with the increasingly violent trend of the movement, immediately announced the withdrawal of the movement.

The CWC met at Bardoli in February 1922 and resolved to stop all activity that led to breaking of law and to get down to constructive work, instead, which was to include popularisation of Khadi, national schools, and campaigning for temperance, for Hindu-Muslim unity and against untouchability.

Most of the nationalist leaders including C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, Subhash Bose, Jawaharlal Nehru, however, expressed their bewilderment at Gandhi’s decision to withdraw the movement.

In March 1922 Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years in jail. He made the occasion memorable by a magnificent court speech “I am here, therefore, to invite and submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is deliberate crime, and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen.”

Why Gandhi Withdrew the Movement:

Gandhi felt that people had not learnt or fully understood the method of non­violence. Incidents like Chauri-Chaura could lead to excitement and fervour turning the movement generally violent. A violent movement could be easily suppressed by the colonial regime that could use the incidents of violence as an excuse to use the armed might of the state against the protestors.

The movement was also showing signs of fatigue. This was natural as it is not possible to sustain any movement at a high pitch for very long. The Government seemed to be in no mood for negotiations.

The central theme of the agitation the Khilafat question also dissipated soon. In November 1922, the people of Turkey rose under Mustafa Kamal Pasha and deprived the Sultan of political power. Turkey was made a secular state.

Thus, the Khilafat question lost its relevance. A European style of legal system was established in Turkey and extensive rights granted to women. Education was nationalised and modern agriculture and industries developed. In 1924, the caliphate was abolished.

Evaluation of Khilafat Non-Cooperation Movement:

The movement brought the urban Muslims into the national movement, but at the same time it communalised the national politics to an extent. Although Muslim sentiments were a manifestation of the spread of a wider anti-imperialist feeling, the national leaders failed to raise the religious political consciousness of the Muslims to a level of secular political consciousness.

With the Non-Cooperation Movement, nationalist sentiments reached every nook and corner of the country and politicised every strata of population—the artisans, peasants, students, urban poor, women, traders etc. It was this politicisation and activisation of millions of men and women which imparted a revolutionary character to the national movement. Colonial rule was based on two myths one, that such a rule was in the interest of Indians and two, that it was invincible.

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The first myth had been exploded by the economic critique by Moderate nationalists. The second myth had been challenged by Satyagraha through mass struggle. Now, the masses lost the hitherto all-pervasive fear of the colonial rule and its mighty repressive organs.

Mahatma Gandhi has been known to be the great leader that led this country to freedom. His presence in Indian History is so prominent that the whole time period in which he fought for our freedom is known as the Gandhian Era. Read this article to know in detail about the legendary Mahatma Gandhi and all of the Gandhian Movements.

Check out the “Facts to Remember For SSC & Bank Exams” in this article!

You can also download this article as PDF for future offline reference.

About Mahatma Gandhi

• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the leader of the Indian Independence Movement against the British Rule.
• His birthday, 2nd October, is widely celebrated in not only India but all over the world.
• United Nations Organisation has declared this day as International Non-Violence Day.
• Gandhi was born and brought up in a Hindu merchant caste family in coastal Gujarat, India.
• He studied law at the Inner Temple, London.

• After he returned to India in 1915, he set out to organize peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discriminating system of rule.
• Taking up leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for achieving freedom from the British rule in a non-violent way.

This Era was named after Gandhi simply because he was a major part in the long struggle for India to gain back its independence. Via Gandhian Movements, he stood up for what he believed in and what was right without thinking about the consequences would be. He was a very strong influence in India and will always be remembered not only in India but across the world for his heroic accomplishments. Gandhian Movements have proved to be the most significant chapters of the Indian struggle towards freedom. In this article we will discuss in detail all the Major Gandhian Movements.

Major Gandhian Movements

Champaran Movement

When: Launched on 19th April 1917

Why: Protest against British Government for forcing farmers to grow opium with barely any payment in return.

About the Movement:

• It was the first Satyagraha movement, one of the most important Gandhian Movements.
• On his return to India in 1915, Gandhi came to realize that the country was facing adversities under the colonial rule.
• The British Government forced the farmers to plant indigo and other cash crops on their land.
• Those crops were then sold to the farmers at a much cheaper price.
• The situation worsened for the farmers due to harsh weather conditions and levy of heavy taxes which pushed them towards abject poverty.
• Gandhi paid a visit to Champaran district in April 1917 as soon as he heard about it.
• Implementing the approach of civil disobedience movement, Gandhi launched several demonstrations and strikes against the landlords which eventually brought them down on their knees.

The Movement ended in success with the landlords signing an agreement in which they granted control and compensations to the farmers, and canceled the hikes in revenue and collection.

Kheda Movement

When: Launched during 1917-1918

Why: Major tax revolt against British Government as the farmers were unable to pay heavy taxes due to crop failure and plague epidemic.

About the Movement:

• It was the third Satyagraha movement of the Gandhian Movements after Champaran Satyagraha and Ahmedabad mill strike.
• The Champaran village was heavily affected by the floods and famine in 1918.
• The natural phenomena resulted in massive destruction of the crop yields.
• The farmers pleaded the British government to exempt them from the payment of taxes but the British authorities refused.
• The farmers launched a crusade against the government under the guidance of Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel and pledged for the non-payment of taxes.
• The British government even threatened the peasants with the seizure of their land but they remained undeterred.
• After five months of consistent struggle, in May 1918, the British government relieved the payment of taxes by the farmers and also returned the seized properties of the farmers.

Khilafat Movement

When: Launched during 1919–1924

Why: To preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam at the end of World War I.

About the Movement:

• Also known as the Indian Muslim movement.
• After the World War I, the Caliph and the Ottoman Empire encountered several humiliating allegations.
• The Muslims became fearful for the integrity of their Caliph and launched khilafat movement.
• The movement took place under the guidance of Gandhi and the purpose was to fight against the British government to restore the collapsing status of the Caliph.
• In 1919, Gandhi approached the Muslim community for their support in India’s freedom struggle and in return he supported the Muslim community in launching the Khilafat movement.
• This movement made Gandhi a notable spokesperson of the All India Muslim Conference and he returned the medals he had received from the British Empire in South Africa.

Non Cooperation Movement (NCM)

Although short lived, the Non-Cooperation Movement was very significant in the Indian freedom struggle. Gandhi realized that there was no hope of getting fair treatment at the hands of the British and thus decided to withdraw the cooperation of the people of India by launching the Non Cooperation Movement.

When: Launched on 1st August 1920

Why: It was a reaction to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

About the Movement:

• Under this movement, all offices and factories were shut down.
• Indians were encouraged to withdraw from the British sponsored schools, police services, the military, and the civil service, and lawyers were asked to leave the British courts.
• Public transportation and English-manufactured goods, especially clothing, were boycotted.
• Indians returned their honors and titles given by the British government and resigned from various posts like teachers, lawyers, civil and military services.

This movement was withdrawn inFebruary 1922 due to the Chauri Chaura incident in which protesters participating in the Non Cooperation Movement clashed with the police who opened fire. Gandhi single-handedly stopped the nation wide movement as he did not want violence to be involved in the quest for freedom.

Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM)

When: Launched on 12th March 1930

Why: To display complete disobedience of the orders and laws of the British Government.

About the Movement:

• Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement by conducting the historic Dandi Salt March, where he broke the Salt Laws imposed by the British Government.
• With the support of seventy nine ashramites, Gandhi went on his march from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi that is located on the shores of the Arabian Sea.
• On 6th April 1930, Gandhi and his entourage violated the Salt Law by picking up a fistful of salt lying on the sea shore.
• They made salt on the shores of Dandi.
• The British tried to repress the movement and resorted to brutal firing and killing hundreds of people.
• Many were arrested along with Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, but the movement only got stronger.

After this, a Round Table Conference was arranged by the British and Gandhi attended the second Round Table Conference at London, but nothing was achieved in the conference and thus the Civil Disobedience Movement was revived.

Quit India Movement(QIM)

When: Launched on 8th August 1942

Why: A call to the British to withdraw from India and give the country its freedom.

About the Movement:

Non Cooperation Movement Lec

• The Second World War broke out in September of 1939 and without consulting the Indian leaders, India was declared a warring state on behalf of the British by the Governor General.
• Some Congress leaders were unhappy with India’s involvement in the war and called for India’s withdrawal from it.
• A delegation under Stafford Cripps was sent to negotiate with the unhappy Congress leaders, which became popular by the name of Cripps mission.
• The deal was to support Britain in the war in exchange of which the British promised freedom.
• The Indian National Congress passed a resolution on July 14, 1942, seeking complete freedom from British rule.
• In August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch a mass civil disobedience movement and thus started the Quit India Movement.
• It was a ‘Do or Die’ call to force the British to leave India.
• A huge number of people supported and participated in this movement.
• There were widespread acts of violence and sabotage, and the British government held Gandhi responsible for these acts of violence, alleging that they were a deliberate act of Congress policy.

The movement collapsed as it lacked organisation from the very beginning, but the movement was not a complete failure. The movement of 1942 gave the death blow to the British rule that was needed to boost the confidence of the people of India. The Quit India Movement sparked off an aggressive national consciousness.

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