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The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society is a book by Manuel Castells, Professor of Sociology and Professor of City and Regional Planning at the University of California. It was published by Oxford University Press in 2001. The title is a reference to The Gutenberg Galaxy, a 1962 book by Marshall McLuhan. It is regarded as a good introduction to Social informatics.^[1]

Test drive unlimited downloads pc mods. The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society is a book by Manuel Castells, Professor of Sociology and Professor of City and Regional Planning at the University of California. Castells avoids any predictions or prescriptions - there have been enough of those. THE INTERNET GALAXY: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society. The author has lots of gloom and doom but also hope in things to come. These two things are usually products of a crisis. The book is hard to read but things can be gleaned from it. Monday 2/17 — The Internet and the Global Economy Reading: Castells, The Internet Galaxy, Chapter 3 Gereffi, “Shifting Governance Structures in Global Commodity Chains, With Special Reference to the Internet” (C) Wednesday 2/19 — Midterm exam (in class) – covers all material through February 17. Castells The Internet Galaxy Pdf Files. The Internet Galaxy: Reflections On The Internet, Business, And Society (Clarendon Lectures In Management Studies). The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business. The rise of the network society Download the rise of the network society or read online here in PDF or EPUB.

• The Internet Galaxy Reflections on the Internet Business and Society by Manuel Castells The gutenberg galaxy Download the gutenberg galaxy or read online here in PDF or EPUB. Castells helps us understand how the Internet came into being and how it is.
• The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society [Review] Description Review ofThe Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society/ by Manuel Castells.
• Manuel Castells Abstract This book presents a stunning insight on the impact of the Internet and communication technologies on society in the beginning of the twenty-first century.

• 7The Politics of the Internet I: Computer Networks, Civil Society, and the State
• 8The Politics of the Internet II: Privacy and Liberty in Cyberspace

Overview[edit]

The book contains 9 chapters. Castells starts with the history of Internet, focuses on the process of Internet evolution influence our society. He emphasizes the development of Internet from 1962 to 1995, the extension from ARPANET to WWW.

Castells believes that 'The openness of the Internet's architecture was the source of its main strength'.^[2] Then he states that the 'Internet Culture' is structured by four kinds of culture including: 'the techno-meritocratic culture', 'the hacker culture', 'the virtual communication culture', and 'the entrepreneurial culture'.^[3]

Next, Castells analyses the vital status of Internet in the business and economy fields, and he refers to the impact of virtual communication which is based on the Internet communication to the reality in the following chapter. In terms of the Politics of the Internet, Castells points that 'social movement' and 'the political process' use Internet as a new communication medium to 'acting' and 'informing'. And there is an issue between 'Privacy and Liberty in Cyberspace' relates to 'the politics of the Internet' is mentioned in this book.

In the last three chapters, Castells analyses the Internet from multimedia, geography and 'the digital divide in a global perspective'. Finally, he talks about the challenges of the network society such as freedom of the Internet.

Opening: The Network is the Message[edit]

The title used for the preface or introductory text is called 'Opening' and the name given to this Opening is 'The Network is the Message'. It is a mimicry of Marshall McLuhan's famous slogan 'The medium is the message'. By substituting network for medium, Castells reinforces McLuhan's message that, in this case, it is the network which is important not the content.^[4] The opening may then be seen to be an invitation to explore the meaning of network via the content of the book. The word network itself is of ambiguous interpretation: infrastructure or society?^[5] Both interpretations are at play in the book. Since Castells is by profession a sociologist, then one expects a focus on network as society.

Lessons from the History of the Internet[edit]

Castells introduces the label ″Libertarian″ to characterize all those who participated with 'big science' and 'military research' in bringing the Internet into being.^[6]The history of the Internet is diverse and well documented. Castells makes considerable use of John Naughton's text, 'A Brief History of the Future', who noted for example that the Request for Comment Feature (RFC), introduced by Steve Crocker in 1969-04-07,^[7] not only gave rise to a de facto documenting of the research ideas at the time of their fermenting but also to the Open Source movement.^[8] Castells gives his own take on the subject. Ultimately, for him, the Internet is a cultural creation.

The Culture of the Internet[edit]

'The culture of the Internet is a culture made upof a technocratic belief in the progress of humansthrough technology, enacted by communities of hackersthriving on free and open technological creativity,embedded in virtual networks aimed at reinventingsociety, and materialized by money-driven entrepreneurs intothe workings of the new economy.'^[9]

It is important to take note of how Castells understands and uses the word Network.For him, the network is a word that often has connotations of community. So, when he speaks of virtual networks he is not (necessarily) speaking of virtual networks in the technological sense but in the community sense of people networking.

e-Business and the New Economy[edit]

'But markets also react to macro-economic conditions, and to policy decisions—or to their anticipation. Or to the disparity between the anticipation and the actual event. Markets react as well on the basis of non-economic criteria. These are influenced by what I call informationTurbulences from various sources, such as political uncertainty.. technological anticipations.. or even personal moods or statements from key decision-makers..'^[10]

Virtual Communities or Network Society?[edit]

'In contrast with the notorious cartoon published byThe New Yorker in the pre-history of on-line communication,on the Internet you better make surethat everyone knows that you are a dog, and not a cat,or you will find yourself immersed in the intimate world of cats.Because on the Internet, you are what you say you are,as it is on the basis of this expectation that a networkof social interaction is constructed over time.'^[11]

The Politics of the Internet I: Computer Networks, Civil Society, and the State[edit]

'In this context [of a world dominated by homogeneous, global information flows], communication of values, mobilization around meaning, become fundamental. Cultural movements.. are built around communication—essentially the Internet and the media.. to affect the consciousness of society as a whole.'^[12]

Networked Social Movements[edit]

Castells shows how the Internet has been used for mobilizing people to support certain kinds of political, religious, or other social causes:^[13]

• the Zapatista movement in Chiapas, Mexico
• the Falun Gong movement, leader Li Hongzhi in New York
• the Direct Action Network in Seattle

The Politics of the Internet II: Privacy and Liberty in Cyberspace[edit]

'Unless governments stop fearing their people, and therefore the Internet,society will resort once again to the barricades to defend freedom and this will mark a stunning historical continuity.'^[14]

This is that chapter of the book which one must read in the context of the pre-9/11 world.

The End of Privacy[edit]

Castells mentions a few official programs of governments:^[15]

• the Echelon program of the US/UK
• the FBI Carnivore program
• the 'FBI Digital Storm'^[16]

Multimedia and the Internet: The Hypertext beyond Convergence[edit]

'Human culture only exists in and by human minds,usually connected to human bodies.Therefore, if our minds have the material capabilityto access the whole realm of cultural expressions—select them,recombine them—we do have a hypertext: the hypertext is inside us.'^[17]

The Geography of the Internet: Networked Places[edit]

'Cities are faced with a challenge.. It follows that public space and monumentality (museums, cultural centers, public art, architectural icons) will play a key role in marking space, and facilitating meaningful interaction.'^[18]

There are different ways in which to picture the geography of the Internet.The picture of the graph on the cover of the book^[19] resembles that of Matt Britt shown on the right.

The Digital Divide in a Global Perspective[edit]

'Education, information, science, and technologybecome the critical sources of value creationin the Internet-based economy.Educational, informational, and technological resources arecharacterized by extremely uneven distribution throughout the world(UNESCO, 1999).'^[20]

Conclusion: The Challenges of the Network Society[edit]

Castells The Internet Galaxy Pdf Mergers

'I imagine one could say: ″Why don't you leave me alone?!I want no part of your Internet, of your technological civilization, of your network society! I just want to live my life!″..'^[21]

e-Links[edit]

One of the significant features of the book (published in 2001 beforethe September 11 attacks and around the time of thedot-com bubble) is theinclusion of the e-Links section at the end of every chapter. Each e-Link is given as a URL, followed by a short text of one or two lines to describe the content. For example, at the end of Chapter 6 'The Politics of the Internet II: Privacy and Liberty in Cyberspace', a collection of 4 e-Links is given:

• cnetdownload.com
• junkbusters.com
• silentsurf.com
• anonymizer.com

and the short explanatory text following is 'Websites providing technological resources to protect privacy.'

There is one major flaw associated with the e-Links. None of the e-Links in The Internet Galaxy provide 'the date of last access'.

Notes[edit]

1. ^Social informatics is defined to be the body of research about information technologies in social contexts. Kling 2002.
2. ^Castells 2001, p.27
3. ^Castells 2001, p.37
4. ^In this sense the network is just like the lightbulb. See the Heritage Minute on McLuhan.
5. ^See Martin Weller's account on the subject.
6. ^Castells 2001, p17
7. ^This can be retrieved by typing 0001 into the box on the IETF RFC page.
8. ^Naughton 2000, p135-38.
9. ^Castells 2001, p61.It is important to note that Castells uses the term hackerin a very old and revered sense.
10. ^Castells 2001, p86. In the text (2001), Castells names Greenspan and Duisenberg as key decision-makers. For technological anticipations, he suggested the demise of the PC or the rise of the mobile internet. And the ellipsis in the quote covers the anti-trust law suit against Microsoft, at the time.
11. ^Castells 2001, p130.
12. ^Castells 2001, p140.
13. ^Castells 2001, p138-39.
14. ^Castells 2001, p185.
15. ^Castells 2001, p176.
16. ^Ryan Singel, 'Point, Click .. Eavesdrop: How the FBI Wiretap Net Operates', Wired, 2007-08-29. See also Digital Storm on History Commons
17. ^Castells 2001, p202.
18. ^Castells 2001, p237
19. ^The graph was produced by William Cheswick and Hal Burch. Both Cheswick and Burch were at Bell Labs at the time. The map illustrates the topography of the Internet based on trace routes in January 2000. Castells 2001, p208.
20. ^Castells 2001, p266.
21. ^Castells 2001, p282.

External references[edit]

1. StudyPlace wiki (date of last access: 2008-09-11)
2. David Birch, Second Sight, The Guardian, Thursday November 4, 2004; (date of last access: 2008-09-15)
3. Heritage Minute account of enactment of the discovery of The Medium is the Message (date of last access: 2008-09-16)
4. Martin Weller, The Network is the Message, the Open University, 2005-12-15. (date of last access: 2008-09-16)
5. Hal Burch and Bill Cheswick. Software developers of the Internet map used as book cover illustration. Internet Mapping Project (date of last access: 2008-09-16)
6. Rob Kling, Review of The Internet Galaxy, Academe Online July–August 2002. (date of last access: 2008-09-23).
7. Naughton, John (2000), A brief history of the future, London: Phoenix, ISBN0-7538-1093-X, OCLC44154042, OCLC59577773
8. IETF Request for Comments (RFC). (date of last access: 2008-09-23)

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Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays.

Internet Galaxy Bakersfield

Manuel Castells is a sociologist frequently associated with information society and communications research. In this essay I will be assessing his theory on “the network society”, and outlining any relevant criticisms. By looking at Castells’ upbringing and influences it becomes clear how he came to be concerned with the theory of the network society. He was raised in Barcelona and was politically active in the student anti-Franco movement; this political activism forced him to flee Spain for France. He finished his studies in Paris and moved on to the University of Paris achieving a doctorate in sociology. Having worked at both the University of Paris and the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, he later moved to California as he was awarded two professorships at Berkeley. Castells’ move to California was highly relevant as he was located close to Silicon Valley, which was where the integrated circuit, microprocessor, microcomputer and many other key technologies, were developed mainly in the 80s. It has been the site of electronic innovation for over four decades, sustained by about a quarter of a million information technology workers. Influenced by the thought of Alain Touraine, Castells was a key developer in a variety of Marxist urban sociology that emphasises the role of social movements in the conflictive transformation of the city. Transcending Marxist structures in the early 80s, he concentrated upon the role of new technologies in the restructuring of an economy. His theory of the network society is highly relevant to us as we all belong to thousands of networks, be it a school, a university, a nationality or an occupation, and all networks require some form of coordination.

According to Castells, networks constitute the new social morphology of our societies. He believes there is a radical disconnectedness in contemporary society bringing about a greater sense of autonomy due to technology. Castells believes that “we are passing from the industrial age into the information age” (Castells, 2000, 5). He talks of how this historical change was brought about by the advent of new information technologies particularly those for communication and biological purposes. He noted how space and time are being transcended in social practises due to the ability to do everything from everywhere thanks to the capacity for ubiquitous perpetual contact in communication technologies. “A number of major social, technological, economic and cultural transformations came together to give rise to a new form of society” (Castells 2000, 17). Castells first mentioned the term “network society” in his book “The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture” which was the first part of his Information Age trilogy. He claimed, “The definition in terms of a network society is a society where the key social structures and activities are organized around electronically processed information networks. So it’s not just about networks or social networks, because social networks have been very old forms of social organization, it’s about social networks which process and manage information and are using micro-electronic based technologies” (Castells, 1996, 34). Simply put a network society is a society whose social structure is made of networks powered by microelectronic based information and communication technologies. While he explains that networks are not a new form of social organization, they have become a key feature of social morphology, essentially they are new forms of old processes. He claims this is largely due to communication technologies, for example the internet or mobile telephones, which increase decentralization of operations and focusing of control which in turn increase the effectiveness of networks relative to hierarchical structures. “Communication networks are the patterns of contact that are created by flows of messages among communicators through time and space,” (Monge and Contractor, 2003, 39). “The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture” gives an account of the economic and social dynamics of the new age of information. It demonstrates research done in USA, Asia, Latin America, and Europe. Castells talks of how the global economy is now characterized by the instantaneous flow and exchange of information, capital and cultural communication. These flows order and condition both consumption and production. The networks themselves reflect and create distinctive cultures. Both they and the information they carry are largely outside of national regulation. This means that society’s dependence on these new modes of informational flow can give enormous power to those in a position to control them to control us, “Networks have become the predominant organizat ional form of every domain of human activity” (Castells, 1996, 101).

To better understand Castells theory of a network society it is helpful to look back to his work of 1989, “The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban Regional Process”. In this work he mentions the space of flows which plays a central role in his vision of the network society. Castells is an urban geographer, which is why his examination of space is central to his work. He describes the space of flows as a “high-level cultural abstraction of space and time with dynamic interactions to the digital age society” (Castells, 1989, 23). He wanted to “reconceptualise new forms of spatial arrangements under the new technological paradigm” (Castells, 1989, 146). He believed this was relevant in that it could be viewed as a new type of space that allowed distant, simultaneous, real-time interaction, unlike anything that has been around previously. So the space of flows plays a central role in Castells’ vision of the network society, it is a network of communications, defined by hubs where these networks intersect. Societies are not attached to a specific place but instead to the space of flows. He argues that “while organizations are located in places, the organizational logic is placeless, being fundamentally dependent on the space of flows that characterizes information networks” (Castells in NyÃ足ri, 2004, 23). This space of flows tests what Castells talks of as the space of places, which includes regional communities and nation states. It can be seen that “while the space of flows can be abstract in social, cultural, and historical terms, places are condensations of human history, culture and matter” (Castells, 1990, 14). In this way opposition to the space of flows of various networks manifests itself in the form of communities based around places. So while the space of flows consists of global circuits of information for example the internet, the space of places is dominated by decisions and has bounded territories or seemingly fixed localities. Barry Wellman draws on Castells ideas and believes technologies have shrunk everything; he talks of how communities have become global instead of local and are attached to technological not geographical links. Wellman says Castells observations have profound implications for what community means in contemporary society. Through these definitions Castells developed the notion of timeless time, which he saw as an index of social change. He believed time has become more complicated and sequences of life are becoming scrambled. Space and time are fundamental experiences of social life but are being transcended in social practise, for example users of “Skype” can speak to each other in any number of different countries at any one time and all communication is instant.

For Castells, networks have become the basic units of modern society and so the network society can be seen to be more than just the information society that was originally mentioned. Castells argues that it is not simply the technology that characterizes contemporary societies, but also cultural, economic and political aspects that when combined can create the network society, “Influences such as religion, cultural upbringing, political organizations, and social status all shape the network society” (Castells, 1990, 86). Societies can be shaped by these aspects in a variety of ways. According to Castells, power now lies in various networks, “the logic of the network is more powerful than the powers of the network” (Castells in Weber, 2002, 104). Many networks today, for example financial capital, have become global in scale. Networks can play a key role within businesses now, capital such as staff, consultants, and other businesses can be brought together to work on a specific project, and when it is finished they separate and are reallocated to a new task becoming connected to a new network. Although Castells is more concerned with the macro as opposed to the micro in society he admits it is important to assess the abilities of actors in the network whether it is a company, an individual, the government or any other organization. He determines participation in the network by the level to which the actor can contribute to the goals of that particular network. “This new environment requires skilled flexible workers: the organization man gives way to the flexible woman” (Castells, 2000, 12). This creates a binary process of inclusion and exclusion from these networks where by the individuals with little or nothing to offer their network, are excluded. An important aspect of the network society is the links between the networks of people. Isolated networks are weak and being connected is a type of power. Belonging to more than one network is always useful, however in the network society, because of the binary nature of exclusion, teamed with the fact that it is simpler to exclude, inclusion can be seen to give more power than it did previously. At the same time though electronic communication makes it much simpler to join a network, for example group emails or threads on social network sites, which can instead devalue inclusion.

Like most social theorists Castells has attracted various criticisms regarding aspects of his theory of the network society; for example his analysis of the role of information, production and the link between capitalism and informational labour. Many refute his claim that the present economic and social situation is a new age, but instead is simply an extension of industrial capitalism. Many feel there is a danger for Castells in focusing on the radical novelty of the post industrial society, and overlooking key continuities between it and past socio-economic formations. Dan Schiller argues that “the main economic drive in network societies is still the desire to gather private capital; the market imperatives of competition and co modification still dominate, and the social and economic inequalities characteristic of market economies tend to widen rather than close” (Schiller, 2000, 48). Both academics and critics such as Mitchell Kapor, founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation have attempted to read Castells work but have given up due to its extensive data collection and lack of synthesis, “It may be profound, but it is certainly opaque” ( Kapor, Internet Galaxy, 2008 ). Professor Martin Kenney, a member of the faculty of Applied Behavioural Sciences at UC Davis who has studied the Information Age trilogy says, “When Castells does draw conclusions; they can be so aphoristic that their precise meaning can be elusive” (Kenney, Internet Galaxy, 2008).

Both Webster and Garnham have accused Castells of technological determinism. The theoretical problem Webster poses is the relative autonomy of the mode of development. The mode of development is spoken of as influencing social relations however isn’t determined by capitalism and Castells says it can survive it, “the new economy may well outlast the mode of production where it was born” (Castells, 2000, 11). Webster believes this implies that the mode of development continues on its own technological logic so “in key respects, is beyond the reach of politics” (Webster, 2004, 17), and therefore feels in spite of Castells’ assertions to the contrary, his theoretical basis is technologically determinist. Garnham’s criticism focuses on productivity. Castells states that the network society relies on increasing productivity which occurs due to information technology. Garnham says of this, “there is little evidence of such productivity increases” and goes on to state, “lack of a stable calculable relationship between the values of outputs lies behind the historical difficulties in co modifying information” (Garnham, 2004, 191). Garnham also states that productivity can be looked at in terms of consumption, investment and the relations of production. Both Garnham and Webster criticize the seemingly autonomous role of the mode of development, highlighting instead the importance in determining the role of the mode of production, “the informational mode of development is developed for and put at the service of a set of property relations and the goal of accumulation, not vice versa” (Garnham, 2004, 174). Webster and Garnham deliver convincing critiques of Castells’ theory of a network society. I believe the network society is more realistically a development of our industrial society as opposed to a completely new construct. Capitalism remains the economic basis for our society; the uprising of capitalism’s power in various networks is an event that was occurring during Marx’s original critique of our social system in the 19th century.

In an article written by Jack Fischer, Castells says he has been frustrated there has not been more criticism of his work on the network society. “What criticism there has been has referred to the relative difficulty of reading the work and of his adamant refusal to offer prescriptions” (Fischer, Manuel Castells Brave New World, 1999). Castells said on the matter, “As stunning as it sounds, I am not aware of any major criticism in published reviews, and I am aware of dozens of reviews in many countries. In fact, it is a little bit disappointing, since I am sure there are many weaknesses in the work, and I would like to debate it more” (Castells in Fischer, Manuel Castells Brave New World, 1999).

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Manuel Castells theory of the network society is highly relevant in understanding contemporary forms of social interaction. “It permeates most societies in the world, in various cultural and institutional manifestations, as the industrial society characterized the social structure of both capitalism and statism for most of the twentieth century” (Castells, 2000, 22). His analysis of the technological, cultural, and institutional transformation of societies around the globe to network societies provides useful insights into a constantly changing world of communications. Castells hypothesises that there is little chance of social change within any given network. He says himself that the fundamental dilemma in the network society is “that political institutions are not the site of power any longer. The real power is the power of cultural codes, embedded in networks” (Castells 2000, 25). The idea of the network society makes us think about how much of our lives depend on these technologies, in an ubiquitous network society we can exchange information and communicate with other remote people and machines untroubled by and sometimes even unaware of the networks or devices allowing such communication. Castells theory of the network society is both engaging and innovative which is one of the reasons it has got so much attention. In a time when our society is going through such intense and powerful transformations, potentially moving beyond an industrial era altogether, it is crucial to have the work of Castells who documents and analyses this important transition though such work as his theory of the network society. His observations on the social and economic dynamics of this information age not only help us better understand contemporary society but will be looked to as a key reference source in the constantly changing years ahead.

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Bibliography.

Manuel Castells Internet Galaxy

• Castells, M. (1989) “The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban Regional Process” Wiley Blackwell Publishing
• Castells, M. (1996) “The Power of Identity: The Information Age, Economy, Society and Culture” Wiley Blackwell Publishing
• Castells, M. (2000) “Materials for an Exploratory Theory of the Network Society” British Journal of Sociology, Volume 51, Tavistock Publications
• Castells, M. (2000) “The Rise of the Network Society: Economy, Society and Culture v.1: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture” Wiley Blackwell Publishing
• Castells, M. (2002) “The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society” OUP Oxford Press
• Castells, M. (2003) “The Power of Identity: v. 2: The Information Age – Economy, Society and Culture” Wiley Blackwell Publishing
• Castells, M. (2009) “Mobile Communication and Society (Information Revolution and Global Politics Series)” MIT Press
• Garnham, N. (1990) “Capitalism and Communication” SAGE Publications
• Mackay, H. (2002) “Investigating Information Society” Routledge
• Monge, P and Contractor, N. (2003) “Theories of Communication Networks” OUP USA
• NyÃ足ri, P. (2004) “Cultural Mobility: A Manifesto” Cambridge University Press
• Schiller, D. (2000) “Digital Capitalism: Networking the Global Market System” University of Illinois Press
• Stalder, F. (2006) “Manuel Castells: The Theory of the Network Society (Key Contemporary Thinkers)” Polity Press
• Weber, B. (2002) “Advances in Research on Information Technologies in the Financial Service Industry: A Special Issue of the “Journal of Organizational Computing” Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc
• Webster, F. (2003) “The Information Society Reader” Routledge
• Wellman, B. (2002) “The Internet in Everyday Life” Wiley Blackwell Publishing
• Kapor and Kenney, (2008) “Internet Galaxy” http://johnmill.wordpress.com/internet-galaxy-1-network-society/ Accessed on October 31, 2009
• Fisher, (1999) “Manuel Castells Brave New World” http://www.acturban.org/biennial/DOC_planners/castells_article9904.pdf/ Accessed on November 2, 2009
• http://www.manuelcastells.info/en/index.htm/ Accessed on November 2, 2009
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GBB7U5mv0w/ Accessed on November 5, 2009